Dr. Uta Larkey’s talk “Mehrfach gefährdet: Polnische Juden in Leipzig vor und nach der Polenaktion 1938” (Under Multiple Threats: Polish Jews in Leipzig and the Polenaktion of 1938) argues  that the mass expulsion of Polish Jews in October 1938 was the first unprecedented, vicious act against Jews in Nazi Germany. The focus on the deportations from Saxony/Germany to the German-Polish border through interviews, testimonies, letters and historical documents  highlights the brutal deportation of Polish Jews to the “green border” between Germany and Poland. The talk also details the direct connection between the expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany (Polenaktion) and the November pogrom (Kristallnacht). The talk was co-sponsored by the Polish Institute in Leipzig.